腰方肌阻滞与腹横肌平面阻滞用于成人腹部手术术后镇痛效果的Meta分析

目的评价超声引导下腰方肌阻滞(QLB)与腹横肌平面阻滞(TAPB)在成人腹部手术术后镇痛的效果。方法检索Cochrane、Pubmed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,纳入腰方肌阻滞(QLB组)与腹横肌平面阻滞(TAP组)在成人腹部手术后镇痛比较的随机对照试验(RCT)。主要结局指标为术后VAS疼痛评分,次要结局指标包括术后24 h内补救性镇痛率及术后不良反应发生率。采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入19项RCTs,共1412例患者。与TAP组比较,QLB组术后8 h静息(MD=-0.29, 95%CI-0.52～-0.06,P0.05)及运动状态(MD=-0.47, 95%CI-0.80～-0.14,P0.05)和12h静息(MD=-0.30,95%CI-0.48～-0.13,P0.05)及运动状态(MD=-0.68, 95%CI-1.03～-0.33,P0.05)时VAS评分均明显降低。QLB组术后24 h内补救性镇痛率明显低于TAP组(RR=0.27, 95%CI 0.17～0.42,P0.05),同时恶心呕吐、眩晕的发生率明显低于TAP组(RR=0.37, 95%CI 0.24～0.56,P0.05; RR=0.29, 95%CI 0.14～0.57,P0.05)。结论腰方肌阻滞用于成人腹部手术术后镇痛效果优于腹横肌平面阻滞,且不良反应更少。     

竖脊肌平面阻滞与胸椎旁神经阻滞用于乳腺癌根治术围术期镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较竖脊肌平面阻滞(ESPB)与单点胸椎旁阻滞(TPVB)用于乳腺癌根治术围术期镇痛的效果。方法 择期行乳腺癌根治术的女性患者80例,年龄28~65岁,BMI<35 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字法分为两组：ESPB组和TPVB组,每组40例。ESPB组和TPVB组分别在麻醉诱导前行患侧超声引导下竖脊肌阻滞或胸椎旁阻滞,选择T5横突水平,注射0.5%罗哌卡因0.4 ml/kg。两组术毕皆采用舒芬太尼行PCIA。记录神经阻滞的操作时间、阻滞起效时间、阻滞平面,术中呼吸抑制、刺破胸膜、血管损伤情况,术中瑞芬太尼的用量,术后PCA首次按压时间,24 h内PCA有效按压次数,术后2、6、12、24、48 h的疼痛NRS评分,术后恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等并发症的发生情况。结果 与TPVB组比较,ESPB组神经阻滞操作时间明显缩短,阻滞起效时间明显延长,阻滞平面明显扩大,术后PCA首次按压时间明显缩短,24 h内PCA有效按压次数明显增多（P<0.05）。两组术中均未发生呼吸抑制、刺破胸膜、血管损伤等并发症。两组术中瑞芬太尼用量、术后不同时点疼痛NRS评分、术后并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 ESPB和TPVB用于乳腺癌根治术的围术期镇痛时,都能取得满意的效果,TPVB阻滞时间持久,ESPB阻滞平面范围更大,操作更简便。     

The avascular plane of the Achilles tendon: a quantitative anatomic and angiographic approach and a base for a possible new treatment option after rupture

Introduction

Achilles tendon ruptures, especially ruptures caused by pathologic conditions and also by achillotendinitis are often attributed to the alleged hypovascularisation of the Achilles tendon. Anatomic studies often mention an avascular plane. The purpose of this study was to re-investigate the arterial supply of the Achilles tendon.

Material and methods

Lower legs of 28 anatomic specimen were injected with a radiologic contrast agent and subsequently an arterial angiography was performed. Afterwards the legs were embalmed and later anatomically dissected. The origin of arteries entering the paratenon of the tendo calcanei branching off from either the anterior (TA) or the posterior tibial artery (TP) was determined. The distance between the points of commencement of these nutrient arteries and a specific reference point, i.e. the insertion of the Achilles tendon into the tuber calcanei, was measured digitally on the radiographs and again with a slide-gauge on the dissected specimens.

Results

As revealed by angiographic analysis, the TA gave off 5 vessels (v) at a frequency and median distance to the tuber calcanei (in cm) of v1: 50%, 6.01 cm; v2: 39.3%, 7.88 cm; v3: 35.7%, 9.71 cm; v4: 17.9%, 12.7 cm; v5: 10.7%, 14.6 cm. The TP contributed to the arterial supply of the Achilles tendon by means of 7 inserting arteries branching off at a frequency and mean distances of v1: 67.9%, 4.53 cm; v2: 60.7%, 6.97 cm, v3: 50%, 9.58 cm; v4: 35.7%, 10.89 cm; v5: 25%, 12.65 cm; v6: 10.7%, 16.94 cm; v7: 3.6%, 18.7 cm proximal to the tuber calcanei. However, due to the small diameter of these branches, by anatomic dissection no nutrient arteries commencing from the TA could be detected. On the other hand, a maximum of 7 vessels originating from the TP, larger than the former vessels, had been also revealed by anatomic dissection (frequency and mean distances, v1: 100%, 6.8 cm; v2: 82.1%, 7.7 cm; v3: 71.4%, 9.5 cm; v4: 35.7%, 11.3 cm; v5: 17.9%, 9.9 cm; v6: 7.1, 10.5 cm; v7: 3.6%, 12.0 cm).

Conclusion

A dense net of small arteries inserts into the paratenon of the Achilles tendon in its lower 20 cm. The angiographic method was more specific and showed vessels that could not be identified as arteries originating from the TA by macroscopic anatomic dissection.     

Systematic Performance Evaluation of a Cross-Correlation-Based Ultrasound Strain Imaging Method

Estimation of tissue motion in the lateral direction remains a major challenge in 2-D ultrasound strain imaging (USI). Although various methodologies have been proposed to improve the accuracy of estimation of in-plane displacements and strains, the fundamental limitations of 2-D USI and how to choose optimal algorithmic parameters in various tissue deformation paradigms to retrieve the full strain tensor of acceptable accuracy are scattered throughout the literature. Thus, this study attempts to provide a systematic investigation of a 2-D cross-correlation-based USI method in a theoretical framework. Our previously developed cross-correlation-based USI method was revisited, and additional estimation strategies were incorporated to improve in-plane displacement and strain estimation. The performance of the presented method using different matching kernel sizes (axial: from 1λ to 14λ, where λ = wavelength; lateral: from 1 to 13 pitches) and two data formats (radiofrequency and envelope) in various kinematic scenarios (normal, shear or hybrid deformation) was investigated using Field II simulations, in which coherent plane wave compounding with 64 steered angles was realized. For radiofrequency-based USI, smaller axial and larger lateral kernel sizes were preferred in scenarios with normal strains, whereas larger kernel sizes along the shearing direction and smaller ones orthogonal to the shearing direction were more suitable in scenarios with shear strains. For envelope-based USI, in contrast, the kernel size requirement was relatively relaxed. A compromise between optimal kernel sizes and estimation accuracy of various strain components was required in complex kinematic scenarios. These practical strategies for accurate motion estimation using 2-D cross-correlation-based USI were further tested in a tissue-mimicking phantom under quasi-static compression and in a preliminary in vivo examination of a normal human median nerve at the wrist during active finger motion.     

Revision of loop colostomy under regional anaesthesia and sedation

Patients presenting for emergency abdominal procedures often have medical issues that cause both general anaesthesia and central neuraxial blockade to pose significant risks. Regional anaesthetic techniques are often used adjunctively for abdominal procedures under general anaesthesia, but there is limited published data on procedures done under peripheral nerve or plexus blocks. We herein report the case of a patient with recent pulmonary embolism and supraventricular tachycardia who required colostomy refashioning. Ultrasonography-guided regional anaesthesia was administered using a combination of ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric, rectus sheath and transversus abdominis plane blocks. This was supplemented with propofol and dexmedetomidine sedation as well as intermittent fentanyl and ketamine boluses to cover for visceral stimulation. We discuss the anatomical rationale for the choice of blocks and compare the anaesthetic conduct with similar cases that were previously reported.     

超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用

目的 研究超声引导下腹横肌平面(transverses abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用.方法 择期行剖宫产术的产妇60例,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,随机分为TAP组(T组,n=30)和对照组(C组,n=30).术前所有产妇均行腰-硬联合麻醉(L2～3间隙蛛网膜下腔,0.5布比卡因等比重液7.5 mg);术毕两组产妇均连接自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA),镇痛泵配置相同;术毕T组产妇行双侧TAP阻滞(0.4％罗哌卡因).于术后4、6、8、24、28及48 h采用VAS评分法进行镇痛评分,观察恶心呕吐、瘙痒及呼吸抑制的情况,记录各时点产妇按压镇痛泵的累计有效次数、累计总次数、术后48 h内按压总次数与按压有效次数;术后镇痛用药量和满意度评分.记录TAP操作相关并发症,包括感染、血肿形成、神经损伤、局麻药的毒性反应、穿入腹腔、穿伤肠管、穿伤肝脏等.结果 T组术后4、6h静息状态VAS评分低于C组(P＜0.05),两组术后8、24、28、48 h静息状态VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T组术后4h活动状态VAS评分低于C组(P＜0.05),其他各时点两组VAS评分差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).T组术后6h的硬膜外镇痛用药量低于C组(P＜0.05),其他各时点两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但T组各时点用药量均少于C组.两组在各时点按压镇痛泵的累计有效次数、累计总次数及术后48 h内按压总次数与按压有效次数比值的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后均无恶心呕吐、瘙痒、呼吸抑制、镇静过度等不良反应发生.T组无TAP操作相关并发症的发生.结论 TAP阻滞在剖宫产术后具有明显的辅助镇痛作用.     

超声心动图测量房室平面位移评价左室收缩功能

用超声心动图对35例心肌梗塞患者和70例正常人的收缩期左侧房室干面位移进行测量以评价左室收编功能。在心尖四腔及两腔切面上，测量房室平面间隔处（AV－S）、侧壁处（AV－L）、前壁处（AV－A）和后壁处（AV－P）各点处位移数值，并计算各点的均值（AV－m）。结果发现：1．心梗患者各点的位移及均值均较正常对照组明显下降；且发现不同部位的心梗，其房室平面各点位移下降的程度亦不同。2．将全部受检者的AV－m与2DE所测得的EF进行相关分析，明显相关，相关系数0．87（P＜0．001）；此外，将11例心梗患者的AV－m与核素测得的EF进行相关分析，亦存在明显相关，相关系数0．91（P＜0．001）。结果表明：测量左侧房室平面位移可评价心梗患者的左室收缩功能。